The effect of the angle of incidences in the horizontal plane influences the perceived loudness of a sound field. In binaural listening, the experience of loudness requires two signals to be combined, each of which has been changed by head shadowing. This research provides a model based on power summation for predicting binaural loudness using artificial-head measurements. In subjective listening tests, there were no statistically significant differences between naive and expert listeners.
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https://aes2.org/publications/elibrary-page/?id=14394
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