Oil Refining

1.	Introduction
1.1.	History
1.2.	General Aspects of Oil Refining
2.	Crude Oils and Products
2.1.	Crude Oil Constituents
2.2.	Classification of Crude Oils
2.3.	Oil Products
2.3.1.	Gas Fuels
2.3.2.	Liquid Fuels
2.3.3.	Nonfuel Applications
3.	Oil Refining Processes
3.1.	Crude Oil Distillation
3.1.1.	Atmospheric Distillation
3.1.2.	Vacuum Distillation
3.1.3.	Crude Oil Desalting
3.2.	Catalytic Cracking (Cat Cracking)
3.3.	Hydrotreating
3.3.1.	Distillate Hydrotreating
3.3.2.	Pyrolysis Gasoline Hydrotreating
3.4.	Catalytic Reforming
3.4.1.	Introduction
3.4.2.	Semiregenerative Reformer
3.4.3.	Fully Regenerative Reformer
3.4.4.	Continuously Regenerative Reformer
3.5.	Hydrocracking
3.6.	Residue Conversion Processes
3.6.1.	Introduction
3.6.2.	Fundamentals of Residue Conversion and Process Options
3.6.3.	Hydrogen Addition (“H-in”) Processes
3.6.3.1.	Residue Hydrotreating (Demetallization, Desulfurization, Denitrification)
3.6.3.2.	Residue Hydrocracking (Hydroconversion)
3.6.4.	Carbon Rejection (“C-out”) Processes
3.6.4.1.	Thermal Processes (Visbreaking, Coking)
3.6.4.2.	Catalytic Processes (Residue Cat Cracking)
3.6.5.	Other Processes
3.6.5.1.	Extraction of Asphaltenes
3.6.5.2.	Partial Oxidation
3.6.6.	Process Combinations
3.7.	Gasoline Upgrading Processes
3.7.1.	Alkylation
3.7.2.	Polymerization
3.7.3.	Isomerization
3.8.	Other Processes
3.8.1.	Gas Treating
3.8.2.	Sulfur Recovery
4.	Environmental Protection in Oil Refining
4.1.	Introduction
4.2.	Manufacturing Emissions
4.2.1.	Hydrocarbons (HC)
4.2.1.1.	Hydrocarbons in Air
4.2.1.2.	Hydrocarbons in Wastewater
4.2.1.3.	Hydrocarbons in Soil and Groundwater
4.2.2.	Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds
4.2.2.1.	Sulfur Compounds
4.2.2.2.	Nitrogen Compounds
4.2.3.	Noise
4.3.	Consumer Related Emissions
4.3.1.	Transportation Fuels
4.3.1.1.	Motor Gasoline
4.3.1.2.	Diesel Fuel
4.3.2.	Burning Fuels
4.4.	Cost of Environmental Conservation
5.	Integrated Refinery Models
5.1.	Trends of Refinery Structures
5.2.	Hydroskimming Refinery
5.3.	Conversion Concepts
5.3.1.	Cat Cracking - Visbreaking Refinery
5.3.2.	Hydrocracking - Cat Cracking Refinery
5.3.3.	Hydrocracking - Coking Refinery
6.	Corrosion and Materials
7.	Testing and Analysis
7.1.	Crude Oil and Product Properties
7.2.	Testing Methods and Standards
8.	Storage and Transport

References

1 H. S. Bell: American Petroleum Refining, D. van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ 1959.
Google Scholar
2 Oil Gas J. 95 (1997) Dec. 22, “OGC” Special,” 41 – 44.
Google Scholar
3 Hydrocarbon Process. 48 (1969) no. 2, 77 – 88.
Google Scholar
4 Oil Gas J. 71 (1973) no. 45, 88 – 92.
Google Scholar
5 Hydrocarbon Process. 51 (1972) no. 5, 85 – 88.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
6 Hydrocarbon Process 51 (1972) no. 5, 92 – 97.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
7 Hydrocarbon Process. 65 (1986) no. 9, 93, 95.
Google Scholar
8 In (7) , p. 94.
Google Scholar
9 Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) , no. 9, 106.
Google Scholar
10 1984 Refining Process Handbook, Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) no. 9, 70 – 84, 89 – 90.
Google Scholar
11 1986 Refining Process Handbook, Hydrocarbon Process. 65 (1986) no. 9, 84 – 87.
Google Scholar
12 Hydrocarbon Process. 52 (1973) no. 9, 131 – 133.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
13 Pet. Eng. Manage. 28 (1956) no. 3, C 37 – C 44.
Google Scholar
14 Hydrocarbon Process. 58 (1979) no. 9, 136 – 142.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
15 Hydrocarbon Process. 58 (1979) no. 5, 103 – 106.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
16 Hydrocarbon Process. 64 (1985) no. 3, 51 – 59.
Google Scholar
17 Oil Gas J., 81 (1983) no. 3, 103 – 113.
Google Scholar
18 Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) no. 9, 70.
Google Scholar
19 Hydrocarbon Process. 65 (1986) no. 9, 98 – 100.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
20 Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) no. 9, 115 – 119.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
21 In (20) , p. 118.
Google Scholar
22 In (20) , p. 115.
Google Scholar
23 Oil Gas J., 74 (1976) no. 3, 48 – 52.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
24 Oil Gas J., 70 (1972) no. 21, 52.
CASGoogle Scholar
25 Hydrocarbon Process. 65 (1986) no. 9, 99.
Google Scholar
26 Oil Gas J., 79 (1981) no. 22, 102 – 105.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
27 Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) no. 9, 104.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
28 E. Naber et al.: “Refining in the 1990's,” Erdoel Erdgas 107 (1991) no. 3, 124 – 132.
CASGoogle Scholar
29 A. K. Logwinuk et al.: Factors Affecting Choice of Heavy Hydrocarbon Processing, NPRA Ann. Meet., San Antonio 1981.
Google Scholar
30 H. N. Olson: “Cost and Cost Aspects in Residue Conversion,” Proc. World Pet. Congr. 11th, 1983, 1 – 16.
Google Scholar
31 H. R. Siewert et al.: “Optimize Design for Heavy Crude,” Hydrocarbon Process. 64 (1985) no. 3, 61 – 66.
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
32 Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij, EP 264 158, 1987 (R. H. van Dongen et al.).
Google Scholar
33 M. A. Menzies, T. F. Scot, J. Denis: “The Canmet Residuum Hydrocracking Process,” Proc. Intsoc. Energy Convers. Eng. Conf., 15th 1980, 26 – 32.
CASGoogle Scholar
34 Hydrocarbon Process. 65 (1986) no. 9, 97, 98.
Google Scholar
35 Hydrocarbon Process. 65 (1986) no. 9, 95, 96.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
36 V. D. Singh, Erdoel Kohle 39 (1986) no. 1, 19.
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
37 S. W. Martin, L. E. Wills: “Coking Petroleum Residues,” in K. A. Kobe and J. J. McKetta (eds): Advances in Petroleum Chemistry and Refining, vol. 2, Interscience Publishers, New York – London 1959.
Google Scholar
38 Oil Gas J. 80 (1982) no. 20, 93 – 102.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
39 H. Predel: Delayed Coking, Erdoel Kohle Erdgas Petrochem. 43 (1990) no. 4, 145 – 146.
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
40 M. J. Humbach et al.: “Residue Conversion, RCC in the 1990's,” Erdoel Kohle Erdgas Petrochem. 43 (1990) no. 12, 477 – 482.
CASWeb of Science®Google Scholar
41 A. Rhoe et al.: Meeting the Refiners Upgrading Needs, NPRA Annu. Meet., San Francisco 1983.
Google Scholar
42 Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) no. 9, 123.
Google Scholar
43 Hydrocarbon Process. 64 (1986) no. 9, 124.
Google Scholar
44 Hydrocarbon Process. 64 (1986) no. 9, 126.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
45 Hydrocarbon Process. 60 (1981) no. 9, 134 – 138.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
46 Hydrocarbon Process. 61 (1982) no. 5, 110 – 112.
Web of Science®Google Scholar
47 Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) no. 9, 125.
Google Scholar
48 Hydrocarbon Process. 63 (1984) no. 9, 121.
Google Scholar
49 Hydrocarbon Process. 59 (1980) no. 5, 110 – 114.
Google Scholar
50 The Oil Refining Industry and the Environment, CONCAWE, The Hague, Sept. 1987.
Google Scholar
51 O. Neuwirth: “Umweltfragen bei der Nutzung von Mineralöl,” Erlanger Forsch. Reihe B; Naturwiss. Med. 14 (1984) 119 – 134.
Google Scholar
52 Mineralöl und Umweltschutz, 3rd ed., Publ. Mineralölwirtsch. Verband, Hamburg 1989.
Google Scholar
53 A. H. Edwards et al.: “Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in Western Europe,” CONCAWE Rep. 1986, no. 2.
Google Scholar
54 A. de Roocker et al.: “Trends in Oil Discharged with Aqueous Effluents from Oil Refineries in Western Europe,” CONCAWE Rep. 1985, no. 61.
Google Scholar
55 C. L. F. Webb: “Biodegradation of Contaminated Soil,” Erdoel Erdgas 106 (1990) no. 11, 453 – 455.
CASGoogle Scholar
56 J. S. McArragher et al.: “Motor Vehicle Emission Regulations and Fuel Specifications, CONCAWE Rep. 1990, no. 2.
Google Scholar
57 International Workshop Berlin: “Emissionsarme Betankung von Kraftfahrzeugen,” Erdoel Kohle Erdgas Petrochem. 42 (1989) 468.
Google Scholar
58 R. J. Ellis: “Cost Estimating Aspects of Environmental Control Technology — HDS as a Case Example,” CONCAWE Rep. 1988, no. 51.
Google Scholar
59 Commission of the European Communities: Study on the Costs Borne by the Refining Industry in the Member States in Order to Comply with Environmental Legislation, prepared by Chem. Systems Int., London 1986.
Google Scholar
60 G. Heinrich, Y. Jacquin, A. Vidal, Proc. World Pet. Congr., 10th, 1979, vol. 4, paper PD 18–1, Heyden & Sons, London 1979.
Google Scholar
61 F. G. Turpin, C. R. Lipuma, A. M. Edelman, in (60) , paper PD 18–2.
Google Scholar
62 C. T. Douwes, J. van Klinken, J. B. Wyffels, W. C. van Zijll Langhout, in (60) , paper 18–3.
Google Scholar
63 Erdoel Erdgas Kohle 105 (1989) no. 9, 369 – 372.
Google Scholar
64 Erdoel Erdgas Kohle 106 (1990) no. 7/8, 309 – 315.
Google Scholar

Citing Literature

Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry

Browse other articles of this reference work:

Oil Refining

This is not the most recent version, view other versions

Oil Refining

Oil Refining

Abstract

References

Citing Literature

References

Information

About Wiley Online Library

Help & Support

Opportunities

Connect with Wiley

Oil Refining

This is not the most recent version, view other versions

Oil Refining

Oil Refining

Abstract

References

Citing Literature

References

Related

Information