This study compared counterconditioning, expectancy and cognitive coping variables in reducing fear and anxiety of snake-phobic college students. The outcome measures of the high-expectancy placebo group and the two cognitive-coping groups were significantly superior to those of the counter-conditioning and no-treatment groups, thus supporting the…

This discussion is based on the premise that a significant proportion of school learning is emotional or affective and that much of this learning is in the form of classical conditioning or respondent learning. (Authors/JA)

In contrast to the traditional view that maladaptive behaviors are surface manifestations of underlying emotional disturbances, the behavior modification approach assumes that such behaviors are simply learned ways of adjusting to the environment and are determined by the consequences that follow them. (Author)

This study on operant conditioning showed that both groups showed significant improvement in reading skills from pretest to posttest, but that the reinforced group showed significantly more improvement than the nonreinforced group. (Author)

Criticisms that competency training for teachers is relegating teaching to a series of automatic tasks bereft of intellect or creativity. (RA)

A primary purpose of the token system is to expand the operant model in order to provide a broader reinforcement base. The ten procedural considerations necessary for implementing a token system are presented. Beyond this, fundamental knowledge of operant principles remains essential in order to apply the token system correctly. (Author/KJ)

Pseudoconditioning (random shock delivery), sham conditioning (no shock), and ward controls (routine hospital treatment) ( were compared with two conditioning groups. Conditioning only (contingent shock) and booster Ss (additional conditioning sessions after release from hospital) were shocked for drinking and reinforced by shock termination for…