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James, David K. – Infant and Child Development, 2010
Learning is defined as a change in behaviour that occurs as a result of experience. It is clear that the fetus can learn by means of habituation, classical conditioning and exposure learning. These types of learning will be discussed in relation to learning in the womb and the memory of learned material after birth. Furthermore, the potential…
Descriptors: Classical Conditioning, Prenatal Influences, Learning Processes, Child Development
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Calandreau, Ludovic; Desgranges, Bertrand; Jaffard, Robert; Desmedt, Aline – Learning & Memory, 2010
The aim of the present experiment was to directly assess the role of the glutamatergic hippocampal-lateral septal (HPC-LS) neurotransmission in tone and contextual fear conditioning. We found that pretraining infusion of glutamatergic acid into the lateral septum promotes tone conditioning and concomitantly disrupts contextual conditioning.…
Descriptors: Context Effect, Conditioning, Fear, Experiments
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Arntzen, Erik; Grondahl, Terje; Eilifsen, Christoffer – Psychological Record, 2010
Previous studies comparing groups of subjects have indicated differential probabilities of stimulus equivalence outcome as a function of training structures. One-to-Many (OTM) and Many-to-One (MTO) training structures seem to produce positive outcomes on tests for stimulus equivalence more often than a Linear Series (LS) training structure does.…
Descriptors: Reaction Time, Feedback (Response), Stimuli, Testing
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Gilmartin, Marieke R.; Helmstetter, Fred J. – Learning & Memory, 2010
The contribution of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) to the formation of memory is a subject of considerable recent interest. Notably, the mechanisms supporting memory acquisition in this structure are poorly understood. The mPFC has been implicated in the acquisition of trace fear conditioning, a task that requires the association of a…
Descriptors: Animals, Conditioning, Memory, Brain
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Crombag, Hans S.; Johnson, Alexander W.; Zimmer, Anne M.; Zimmer, Andreas; Holland, Peter C. – Learning & Memory, 2010
Cannabinoid CB1 receptor is abundantly expressed throughout the CNS and is implicated in numerous physiological and behavioral functions, including appetite and feeding. In the present study, wild-type and CB1 heterozygous and homozygous knockout mice were tested on an instrumental outcome-selective devaluation task to assess changes in acquired…
Descriptors: Animal Behavior, Animals, Brain, Evaluation Methods
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Park, Junchol; Choi, June-Seek – Learning & Memory, 2010
Plasticity in two input pathways into the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the sensory thalamus, have been suggested to underlie extinction, suppression of a previously acquired conditioned response (CR) following repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS). However, little is known about…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Stimulation, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Fear
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Laurent, Vincent; Westbrook, R. Frederick – Learning & Memory, 2010
Four experiments used rats to study the role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the reinstatement and extinction of fear responses (freezing) to a previously extinguished conditioned stimulus (CS). In Experiment 1, BLA inactivation before pairing the extinguished CS with the shock unconditioned stimulus (US) or before US-alone exposure impaired…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Inhibition, Fear
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Rosas, Juan M.; Paredes-Olay, Maria C.; Garcia-Gutierrez, Ana; Espinosa, Juan J.; Abad, Maria J. F. – Learning and Motivation, 2010
Three experiments were conducted to explore the effects of different interference treatments upon outcome-specific transfer from predictive learning to instrumental responding. A computer game was designed in which participants had to defend Andalusia from navy and air-force attacks. Participants learned the relationship between two instrumental…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Conditioning, Computers, Games
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Masaki, Takahisa; Nakajima, Sadahiko – Learning and Motivation, 2010
Swimming endows rats with an aversion to a taste solution consumed before swimming. The present study explored whether the experience of swimming before or after the taste-swimming trials interferes with swimming-based taste aversion learning. Experiment 1 demonstrated that a single preexposure to 20 min of swimming was as effective as four or…
Descriptors: Aquatic Sports, Animals, Conditioning, Retention (Psychology)
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Galtress, Tiffany; Kirkpatrick, Kimberly – Learning and Motivation, 2010
Changes in reward magnitude or value have been reported to produce effects on timing behavior, which have been attributed to changes in the speed of an internal pacemaker in some instances and to attentional factors in other cases. The present experiments therefore aimed to clarify the effects of reward magnitude on timing processes. In Experiment…
Descriptors: Rewards, Experiments, Animals, Attention
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Fryling, Mitch J.; Johnston, Cristin; Hayes, Linda J. – Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 2011
Observational learning is an important area in the field of psychology and behavior science more generally. Given this, it is essential that behavior analysts articulate a sound theory of how behavior change occurs through observation. This paper begins with an overview of seminal research in the area of observational learning, followed by a…
Descriptors: Observational Learning, Behavioral Sciences, Behavior Change, Behavior Modification
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Gamiz, Fernando; Gallo, Milagros – Learning & Memory, 2011
We have investigated the effect of protein kinase Mzeta (PKM[zeta]) inhibition in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) upon the retention of a nonspatial learned active avoidance response and conditioned taste-aversion (CTA) acquisition in rats. ZIP (10 nmol/[mu]L) injected into the BLA 24 h after training impaired retention of a learned…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Control Groups, Memory, Animals
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Meulders, Ann; Vervliet, Bram; Vansteenwegen, Debora; Hermans, Dirk; Baeyens, Frank – Learning and Motivation, 2011
Unpredictability of an unconditioned stimulus (US) typically produces context conditioning in animals and humans. We modified the Martians task--a computer game measuring learning of Pavlovian associations through conditioned suppression--for assessing context conditioning in humans. One between-subjects and one within-subjects study are reported.…
Descriptors: Animals, Stimuli, Classical Conditioning, Games
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Lehmann, Hugo; McNamara, Kathryn C. – Learning & Memory, 2011
We examined whether repeated reactivations of a context memory would prevent the typical amnesic effects of post-training damage to the hippocampus (HPC). Rats were given a single contextual fear-conditioning session followed by 10 reactivations, involving a brief return to the conditioning context (no shock). Subsequently, the rats received sham…
Descriptors: Control Groups, Context Effect, Conditioning, Memory
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Suzuki, Atsunobu; Honma, Yoshiko; Suga, Sayaka – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2013
Our ability to learn about the reputations of others--that is, who is likely to cooperate versus cheat--contributes greatly to cooperativeness in society. There has been recent debate whether humans employ memory bias favoring cheaters (i.e., there is an evolved module for the detection of cheaters) or whether no such bias exists (i.e., reputation…
Descriptors: Reputation, Cheating, Cooperation, Memory
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