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Anderman, Eric M. – Educational Psychologist, 2010
In this article, I examine developments in research on achievement motivation and comment on how those developments are reflected in Wittrock's generative model of learning. Specifically, I focus on the roles of prior knowledge, the generation of knowledge, and beliefs about ability. Examples from Wittrock's theory and from current motivational…
Descriptors: Prior Learning, Student Motivation, Achievement Need, Educational Psychology
Bowman, Noah; Driscoll, Richard – Online Submission, 2013
This study was undertaken to replicate prior research in which a brief counter-conditioning and confidence training program was found to reduce anxiety and raise test scores. First-semester college students were screened with the Westside Test Anxiety Scale, and the 25 identified as having high or moderately-high anxiety were randomly divided…
Descriptors: Grades (Scholastic), School Holding Power, Intervention, Measures (Individuals)
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Petursdottir, Anna Ingeborg; Carp, Charlotte L.; Matthies, Derek W.; Esch, Barbara E. – Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 2011
Several studies have demonstrated effects of stimulus-stimulus pairing (SSP) on children's vocalizations, but numerous treatment failures have also been reported. The present study attempted to isolate procedural variables related to failures of SSP to condition speech sounds as reinforcers. Three boys diagnosed with autism-spectrum disorders…
Descriptors: Speech, Acoustics, Preferences, Operant Conditioning
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Soeter, Marieke; Kindt, Merel – Learning & Memory, 2011
We previously demonstrated that disrupting reconsolidation by pharmacological manipulations "deleted" the emotional expression of a fear memory in humans. If we are to target reconsolidation in patients with anxiety disorders, the disruption of reconsolidation should produce content-limited modifications. At the same time, the fear-erasing effects…
Descriptors: Anxiety Disorders, Patients, Memory, Generalization
April, L. Brooke; Bruce, Katherine; Galizio, Mark – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2011
Previous research has shown that rats can learn matching-to-sample relations with olfactory stimuli; however, the specific characteristics of this relational control are unclear. In Experiment 1, 6 rats were trained to either match or nonmatch to sample in a modified operant chamber using common household spices as olfactory stimuli. After…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Reinforcement, Generalization, Novelty (Stimulus Dimension)
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Chang, Chun-hui; Maren, Stephen – Learning & Memory, 2011
It has been suggested that reduced infralimbic (IL) cortical activity contributes to impairments of fear extinction. We therefore explored whether pharmacological activation of the IL would facilitate extinction under conditions it normally fails (i.e., immediate extinction). Rats received auditory fear conditioning 1 h before extinction training.…
Descriptors: Fear, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Animals, Drug Use
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Li, Guoshi; Amano, Taiju; Pare, Denis; Nair, Satish S. – Learning & Memory, 2011
Intercalated (ITC) amygdala neurons regulate fear expression by controlling impulse traffic between the input (basolateral amygdala; BLA) and output (central nucleus; Ce) stations of the amygdala for conditioned fear responses. Previously, stimulation of the infralimbic (IL) cortex was found to reduce fear expression and the responsiveness of Ce…
Descriptors: Stimulation, Inhibition, Fear, Brain Hemisphere Functions
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Weidemann, Gabrielle; Antees, Cassandra – Learning & Memory, 2012
There is considerable debate about whether differential delay eyeblink conditioning can be acquired without awareness of the stimulus contingencies. Previous investigations of the relationship between differential-delay eyeblink conditioning and awareness of the stimulus contingencies have assessed awareness after the conditioning session was…
Descriptors: Investigations, Conditioning, Information Processing, Brain
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Viar-Paxton, Megan A.; Olatunji, Bunmi O. – Behavior Modification, 2012
Although exposure-based treatments appear to be efficacious for the treatment of anxiety-related disorders, many individuals experience a renewal of the original fear response at follow-up. In an effort to prevent fear renewal, researchers have begun to use exposure of the conditioned stimulus in different contexts during extinction. Although…
Descriptors: Evidence, Context Effect, Fear, Cues
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Gershman, Samuel J.; Blei, David M.; Niv, Yael – Psychological Review, 2010
A. Redish et al. (2007) proposed a reinforcement learning model of context-dependent learning and extinction in conditioning experiments, using the idea of "state classification" to categorize new observations into states. In the current article, the authors propose an interpretation of this idea in terms of normative statistical inference. They…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Statistical Inference, Inferences, Bayesian Statistics
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Chan, Wan Yee Macy; Leung, Hiu T.; Westbrook, R. Frederick; McNally, Gavan P. – Learning & Memory, 2010
In six experiments we studied the effects of a single re-exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS; "retrieval trial") prior to extinction training (extinction-reconsolidation boundary) on the development of and recovery from fear extinction. A single retrieval trial prior to extinction training significantly augmented the renewal and reinstatement…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Learning Processes, Context Effect, Classical Conditioning
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Knudsen, Daniel; Thompson, Jason V.; Gentner, Timothy Q. – Learning and Motivation, 2010
Individual vocal recognition behaviors in songbirds provide an excellent framework for the investigation of comparative psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that support the perception and cognition of complex acoustic communication signals. To this end, the complex songs of European starlings have been studied extensively. Yet, several…
Descriptors: Singing, Operant Conditioning, Acoustics, Animals
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Fantino, Edmund; Silberberg, Alan – Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 2010
Results from studies of observing responses have suggested that stimuli maintain observing owing to their special relationship to primary reinforcement (the conditioned- reinforcement hypothesis), and not because they predict the availability and nonavailability of reinforcement (the information hypothesis). The present article first reviews a…
Descriptors: Behavior, Observation, Reinforcement, Conditioning
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Vervliet, Bram; Vansteenwegen, Deb; Hermans, Dirk – Learning and Motivation, 2010
Extinction is generally more fragile than conditioning, as illustrated by the contextual renewal effect. The traditional extinction procedure entails isolated presentations of the conditioned stimulus. Extinction may be boosted by adding isolated presentations of the unconditioned stimulus, as this should augment breaking the contingency between…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Learning Processes, Context Effect, Stimuli
Strasberger, Sean – ProQuest LLC, 2013
Non-verbal children with autism are candidates for augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). One type of AAC device is a voice output communication aid (VOCA). The primary drawbacks of past VOCAs were their expense and portability. Newer iPod-based VOCAs alleviate these concerns. This dissertation sought to extend the iPod-based VOCA…
Descriptors: Autism, Augmentative and Alternative Communication, Handheld Devices, Assistive Technology
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