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Pauli, Wolfgang M.; Clark, Alexandra D.; Guenther, Heidi J.; O'Reilly, Randall C.; Rudy, Jerry W. – Learning & Memory, 2012
Evidence suggests that two regions of the striatum contribute differential support to instrumental response selection. The dorsomedial striatum (DMS) is thought to support expectancy-mediated actions, and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) is thought to support habits. Currently it is unclear whether these regions store task-relevant information or…
Descriptors: Evidence, Animals, Operant Conditioning, Adjustment (to Environment)
Joos, Els; Vansteenwegen, Debora; Hermans, Dirk – Behavior Modification, 2012
People seem to differ in their conditionability, that is, the ease by which fear associations (neutral stimulus-unconditioned stimulus [CS-US] contingencies) are learned. Recently, the level of trait worry has been proposed as a predictor of heightened conditionability. The current research aimed to (a) further investigate this influence of…
Descriptors: Predictor Variables, Individual Differences, Anxiety, Fear
Barlow, Kathryn E.; Tiger, Jeffrey H.; Slocum, Sarah K.; Miller, Sarah J. – Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 2013
Therapists and educators frequently teach alternative-communication systems, such as picture exchanges or manual signs, to individuals with developmental disabilities who present with expressive language deficits. Michael (1985) recommended a taxonomy for alternative communication systems that differentiated between selection-based systems in…
Descriptors: Autism, Pictorial Stimuli, Sign Language, Language Impairments
Shillingsburg, M. Alice; Valentino, Amber L. – Analysis of Verbal Behavior, 2011
Children with autism often do not learn to mand for information without structured teaching. Studies have demonstrated that manipulation of establishing operations (EOs), prompts, prompt fading, and differential reinforcement are effective in teaching children with autism to ask "wh" questions such as "what," "who," and "where." To date, no…
Descriptors: Autism, Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Children, Reinforcement
Ingvarsson, Einar T. – Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2011
This study examined the effects of parent-implemented mand training on the acquisition of framed manding in a 4-year-old boy who had undergone partial hemispherectomy. Framed manding became the predominant mand form when and only when the intervention was implemented with each preferred toy, but minimal generalization to untrained toys …
Descriptors: Parents as Teachers, Verbal Operant Conditioning, Young Children, Males
Betz, Alison M.; Higbee, Thomas S.; Kelley, Kristen N.; Sellers, Tyra P.; Pollard, Joy S. – Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2011
Children with autism often demonstrate less variable behavior than their typically developing peers and those with other cognitive disabilities. A possible reason for lack of response variability emitted by children with autism is that they do not have a variety of response forms in their repertoire. Multiple-exemplar training through the use of…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Autism, Verbal Operant Conditioning, Child Behavior
Trogrlic, Lidia; Wilson, Yvette M.; Newman, Andrew G.; Murphy, Mark – Learning & Memory, 2011
The identity and distribution of neurons that are involved in any learning or memory event is not known. In previous studies, we identified a discrete population of neurons in the lateral amygdala that show learning-specific activation of a c-"fos"-regulated transgene following context fear conditioning. Here, we have extended these studies to…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Recall (Psychology), Fear, Context Effect
Luque, David; Moris, Joaquin; Orgaz, Cristina; Cobos, Pedro L.; Matute, Helena – Psychological Record, 2011
Backward blocking (BB) and interference between cues (IbC) are cue competition effects produced by very similar manipulations. In a standard BB design, both effects might occur simultaneously, which implies a potential problem for studying BB. In the present study with humans, the magnitude of both effects was compared using a non-causal scenario…
Descriptors: Cues, Competition, Conditioning, Comparative Analysis
Tabone, Christopher J.; de Belle, J. Steven – Learning & Memory, 2011
Associative conditioning in "Drosophila melanogaster" has been well documented for several decades. However, most studies report only simple associations of conditioned stimuli (CS, e.g., odor) with unconditioned stimuli (US, e.g., electric shock) to measure learning or establish memory. Here we describe a straightforward second-order conditioning…
Descriptors: Stimuli, Conditioning, Associative Learning, Memory
Michel, Maximilian; Green, Charity L.; Lyons, Lisa C. – Learning & Memory, 2011
We investigated the involvement of PKA and PKC signaling in a negatively reinforced operant learning paradigm in "Aplysia", learning that food is inedible (LFI). In vivo injection of PKA or PKC inhibitors blocked long-term LFI memory formation. Moreover, a persistent phase of PKA activity, although not PKC activity, was necessary for long-term…
Descriptors: Long Term Memory, Food, Learning, Models
Goddard, Murray – Psychological Record, 2012
Selected writings of B. F. Skinner are compared to 5 current topics in mainstream psychology, including the role of the unconscious, human language, the role of dispositions in psychology, human perceptions of conformity and bias, and mindfulness. The striking similarities between Skinner's work and these 5 current topics support Richelle's (1993)…
Descriptors: Psychology, Psychologists, Publications, Comparative Analysis
Baker, Kathryn D.; McNally, Gavan P.; Richardson, Rick – Learning & Memory, 2012
The NMDA receptor partial agonist d-cycloserine (DCS) enhances the extinction of learned fear in rats and exposure therapy in humans with anxiety disorders. Despite these benefits, little is known about the mechanisms by which DCS promotes the loss of fear. The present study examined whether DCS augments extinction retention (1) through reductions…
Descriptors: Anxiety Disorders, Context Effect, Anxiety, Fear
Kwon, Jeong-Tae; Jhang, Jinho; Kim, Hyung-Su; Lee, Sujin; Han, Jin-Hee – Learning & Memory, 2012
Memory is thought to be sparsely encoded throughout multiple brain regions forming unique memory trace. Although evidence has established that the amygdala is a key brain site for memory storage and retrieval of auditory conditioned fear memory, it remains elusive whether the auditory brain regions may be involved in fear memory storage or…
Descriptors: Memory, Logical Thinking, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Fear
Marion, Carole; Martin, Garry L.; Yu, C. T.; Buhler, Charissa; Kerr, Danni – Journal of Behavioral Education, 2012
A modified multiple-baseline design across participants was used to evaluate a procedure for teaching the mand "Where?" to 3 children with autism. The participants were 3 and 5 years old and were participating in an intensive applied behavior analysis program. The participants were able to mand for items they wanted when the items were not in…
Descriptors: Autism, Play, Prompting, Pervasive Developmental Disorders
Carp, Charlotte L.; Peterson, Sean P.; Arkel, Amber J.; Petursdottir, Anna I.; Ingvarsson, Einar T. – Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2012
This study was a systematic replication and extension of Fisher, Kodak, and Moore (2007), in which a picture prompt embedded into a least-to-most prompting sequence facilitated acquisition of auditory-visual conditional discriminations. Participants were 4 children who had been diagnosed with autism; 2 had limited prior receptive skills, and 2 had…
Descriptors: Auditory Stimuli, Visual Stimuli, Pictorial Stimuli, Prompting