This article describes a demonstration project designed to assist in the upgrading of job skills among hardcore, inner-city, underemployed clients. The token economy procedure is described and its use in the present study is detailed. (Author)

Discusses: (1) characteristics of the disadvantaged; (2) principles of group selection and group interaction; and (3) group counseling techniques - continuity, results, talking and influencing behavior. (EK)

The conventional wisdom today holds that educational upgrading necessarily leads to chronic and mass underemployment. This article provides a more balanced perspective on this issue by pointing out some of the plausible and positive consequences of educational upgrading. (Author)

In Britain, the retailing, computer services, transportation, and communications industries have hired increasing numbers of college graduates, both because of demand for skills and oversupply of graduates. This has contributed to temporary and permanent job upgrading through expansion of tasks and responsibilities in certain jobs. (Contains 14…

In 1987, 10 percent of rural families headed by a worker had incomes below poverty level. Worker poverty was related to working part of the year or part time; having children; or being under 25-years old, Black, Hispanic, a high school dropout, or a single female head of household. (SV)

The employment conditions of Swedish adults, aged 25-45, with recent onset of visual impairments were examined. A qualitative study identified phases in the rehabilitative process of adapting to work environments. Interviews with 261 persons found that the majority returned to work after onset but in many cases were underemployed. (Author/JDD)

Demonstrates the dramatic difference in labor force descriptions resulting from use of the Bureau of Labor Statistics' measure labelled U-7 rather than U-5, the official measure. U-7 includes both discouraged workers and involuntary part-time workers. U-7 is the more appropriate index for accurately picturing many parts of rural America. (DHP)

Argues that matching education to jobs is unrealistic. Offers solutions to mitigate unemployment: forget labor force forecasting, relax minimum wage laws, devocationalize schools, encourage private schools, teach vocational skills in specialized schools or the workplace, and target subsidies to the poor. (SK)

The author discusses and describes various educational programs developed in India in three areas: to reorient the education system to enable its product to fit into the available and developing employment patterns; to increase the paid government jobs; and to promote self employment. (Author/BP)

Forecasts long-range austerity measures in higher education, involving the promotion of vastly expanded occupational training programs and sharply declining liberal arts programs in the 1970's, resultingfrom the economic crisis. Corporate profit-seeking is suggested as the cause of current product shortages and inflation. (SF)

More cooperation between Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA) programs and vocational education programs is both desirable and feasible, concludes this year-long study in Kentucky. The study was conducted (1) to determine the feasibility of developing a plan for coordinating vocational education resources and supporting services to…

The Skyline Vocational Training Project (Great Falls, Montana) is a vocational skills training model that prepares mildly disabled students to become competitively employed in locally-referenced entry-level occupations, while the High-Visibility Low-Incidence Model of Supported Employment is designed for severely disabled students who are unlikely…

Examines the roles of demographic composition, education, and industrial mix in explaining metro-nonmetropolitan differences in underemployment. Documents higher prevalence of "discouraged workers," unemployment, and underemployment in nonmetropolitan areas. Shows educational composition is single most important component accounting for…