Children at three age levels (four-, six-, and eight-year-olds) were asked a series of class inclusion questions presented verbally, visually, and kinesthetically. Analysis of correctness of reasons showed main effects of age and of condition. (Author/GK)

Item analyses of the responses of 54 high school wrestlers and 193 high school basketball players to the Leadership Scale for Sports support the instrument's applicability in high school sports. The scale taps highly similar response dimensions in varsity and high school athletes. (Author)

Among third, fourth, and fifth graders tested, performance on embedded figures and leveling-sharpening tests correlated with performance on traditional items of class inclusion, suggesting that psychological differentiation is related to reasoning by class inclusion. However, age changes in differentiation do not account for age changes in class…

Two studies are reported which investigate sex, faculty, and age (academic year) differences in the study methods of students at an Australian university. The young students, the male students, and the students enrolled in science-based faculties appeared to be most in need of study methods counseling. (Author/SJL)

Argues that mental images have functional properties similar to those of audiovisual media in that they can be intentionally and systematically used as the informational base for cognitive operations and as an aid to new learning. Experimental evidence is cited to support the claims. Nineteen references are cited. (Author/CHC)

Investigates whether preschool children (N=120) had a realistic understanding of the limitations imposed by various orthopedic disabilities (OD). Results indicated that preschoolers were aware that OD may impose some physical limitations. Subjects also tended to perceive able-bodied children as more capable of performing various tasks than…

Interrelationships of physical self-satisfaction, self-esteem, and identity, and their ability to predict satisfaction with an individual's social milieu were investigated. Prediction patterns yielded no differences between grades 8, 10, and 12. Self-esteem was the best predictor for males; identity and physical self-satisfaction for females.…

Questions whether children's use of language indicates they (1) understand temporal sequence, (2) distinguish goal-oriented from nongoal-oriented activities, and (3) prefer discussing the aspect of events prior to the time of events. Also investigates whether findings for past and future conditions are parallel. (Author/DB)

Describes the development of a parent-report to assess infant temperament and presents longitudinal findings. Scales were developed to measure activity level, soothability, fear, distress to limitations, smiling/laughter, and duration of orienting. Longitudinal analyses showed that stability in some scales was age-related. (Author/DB)

The authors conducted a developmental test of the discounting principle (that the role of a given cause in producing effects is reduced if other plausible causes are also present) by showing an animated film to kindergarten and second-grade children. Results conflicted with previous research findings. (Author/DB)

Examined the influence of rater and ratee age on performance evaluations. Older workers received lower ratings on self-development and interpersonal skills. Younger raters gave higher ratings than older raters on interpersonal skills. The influence of age on performance ratings is consistent with previous research. (Author/JAC)

This study analyzes adults authoritarian responses to vignettes of differing behaviors of preschool children. Single persons saw themselves as more authoritarian and were less child-oriented than parents. Males were less authoritative in a one-to-one relationship. (KMF)

Studied older male suicides as more often perceived by survivors as being physically ill, whereas older female suicides were more often seen as having a mental disorder. Older suicides typically use very lethal means and are less likely to have been involved with alcohol, drugs, or violence than younger suicides. (Author)

Total scores on the screening test from the Test of Syntactic Abilities for 382 hearing impaired persons (8 to 19 years old) were significantly related to hearing threshold level, number of multiple handicaps, age, educational setting, method of communication, and hearing and usage. (Author)

The degree to which judgments of ability, effort, and performance conform to the prediction of Harold Kelley's theory of causal schemata was examined at four age levels (kindergarten, third grade, fifth grade and college). Author/MP)