Lowenfeld enjoined teachers never to permit children to copy art works because children's art was such a crucial part of the self. Yet by rejecting all copying, one can place too great a value on novelty and miss the essence of Lowenfeld's emphasis on the individual child's experience. (IS)

The Institute for Distance Education, founded in 1981 for interuniversity research on distance education, is discussed. Its objectives include research, program development, and coordination of other institutional efforts regarding distance education, improvement of teaching methods, integration of distance and traditional educational programs,…

Four sets of issues as they relate to the city of Chicago during the late 19th and early 20th centuries are examined: race and the liberal agenda, the role of academics in public policy, the organization of teachers, and the ambiguities of progressive policy. (RM)

The educational history of the development of higher education in the USSR is examined. How higher education has been improved in order to meet the socioeconomic, scientific, and technological needs of Soviet society is discussed. (RM)

An important trend in Canadian education in recent years has been the switch from comprehensive to diploma examinations. The examination development process, from the time an examination is conceived to the time it is administered, is discussed. (RM)

The University of the West Indies is undergoing institutional change brought about by its seeking to adapt itself to the demands and varying needs of its several supporting governments. The university's historical background, the impact of political independence, and the restructuring of the university are discussed. (RM)

Retrenchment controversies as they influenced school policy and as they related to changes in educational politics in Detroit (Michigan) from 1929 to 1935 are examined. Investigated are questions such as, How was massive retrenchment undertaken?, What political alignments arose over the retrenchment issue?, and What were the long term…

Informed by recent Marxist education theory, the author gives a new account of the changes brought about by the 1875 Education Act in South Australia. Many of these changes, although couched in terms of morality and efficiency, represented a direct assault on the lifestyles and culture of the laboring people. (RM)

Of all the Roman Catholic religious orders, none has proved more controversial than the Society of Jesus, founded in 1534. This article investigates how social changes in 19th century France affected enrollment figures and curricular choices during the critical period in the history of French Jesuit colleges. (RM)

A historical view of multiethnic education shows how current multicultural studies relate to early American efforts to educate immigrants. The processes of Americanization, immigration patterns, and roles played by Blacks and Hispanic Americans are explained. (DF)

The efforts of a group of French foreign-language educators since 1968 to develop innovative teaching methods are chronicled by three participants and placed in the scientific, historical, and social contexts of the time and the institutions in which the experiments took place. (MSE)

Outlines how the "cult of efficiency" and the "cult of deficiency" emphasize weakness and have affected American education. Points out that a new "cult of proficiency" emphasizing strengths, not weaknesses, is needed. (MD)

A response to a recent report's criticism of the lack of good legal research in Canada, especially research integrating law with the social sciences, focuses on the legacy of British law and legal traditions, past domination of Canadian legal education by the practicing profession, and recent developments that may brighten future prospects for…

To assess the possibility of another round of curriculum reform in mathematics, the origin of U.S. curriculum reform in the 1950s, including the new math programs, are examined. It is not likely that new crash programs aimed at curriculum reform in mathematics education will be implemented nationwide in the 1980s. (RM)

Describes the change in Duke's English department and departments in general by using historical examples that reflect then current attitudes towards the humanities and scholarship. (CRH)