Mentoring has a long and distinguished history dating back to ancient times. This paper provides an overview of the mentoring process, reviews the pertinent literature, and discusses the implications of mentoring for new entrants into the field of psychology. Research suggests there are two types of mentors: formal and informal. Formal mentors…

Except in small doses, the language and literature of Native Americans remains invisible in the American school curriculum. Undergraduate literature classes fail to offer works by Native Americans just as the undergraduate curriculum offers few courses in Native American literature. Graduate schools frequently define minority literature as…

A possible method of solving problems of knowledge representation and system adaptation in a hypermedia environment was examined. The method, based on the notion of semantic networks, uses the technique of knowledge mapping. In the process of reading a hypermedia document, the learner constructs a knowledge map (KM) specifying the relationships…

A review of the role of theory and research in the teaching of public speaking reveals that although speech models have been an important pedagogical tool since the beginning of systematic instruction in public speaking, research investigating the value of model speeches is limited. A 1966 survey of 861 instructors in public speaking indicated…

Social learning theory maintains that parents incluence sex development by modeling and reinforcing masculinity and femininity. To further examine the effects of parental modeling and reinforcement antecedents on sex role development, 103 college students (52 female, 51 male) who had been previously categorized as masculine, feminine, or…

Teacher training sessions were examined to determine why four teachers receiving the same training in implementing explanation behavior in reading instruction differed in the success with which they carried out the new strategies. Audiotaped training sessions, trainer self-reports, and teacher interviews were qualitatively analyzed to identify the…

Socialization is a process by which children learn the attitudes and orientations that will guide their behavior as adults. The analyses described in this report use this socialization model as a basis for describing the relationship between childhood and early adult arts-related experiences and current arts-related leisure participation. Three…

The importance of a child's relationship with the same gender parent, which influences their interactions with mothers and fathers is discussed. Forty 2-year-old girls and boys were observed in interactions with mothers and fathers at home, and behavior ratings were based on the following criteria: availability, warmth, and power structure.…

Although some psychotherapists have adopted aspects of mentoring in their style of therapy, there is little research on behavior change resulting from effective mentoring relationships. To investigate and evaluate the extent to which psychotherapists use mentoring and judge it to be effective with young adult clients, 110 psychotherapists and 90…

This paper reports the preliminary results of an investigation of the effects of (1) a schoolwide discipline plan and (2) role playing, modeling, and video utilization upon the self concept of students in grades 3-6 and educable mentally handicapped students. The Piers-Harris Children's Self Concept Scale was used to assess the effectiveness of a…

A study examined the relative merits of characteristics of general modeling when applied to cognitive modeling of reading comprehension processes and whether the characteristics of modeling, when applied to cognitive modeling of reading processes, influence comprehension and comprehension monitoring. Subjects, 100 eighth grade students who could…

Relationships between media format, sensory channel, and cognitive information processing are not straightforward. Media format does not determine information processing and storage except when a deliberate attempt is made to model cognitive processes by manipulating the medium. Sensory channel only affects processing and learning for relatively…

An important question in teaching notetaking is how reading and study skills specialists lead students to become self-motivated and self-directed in their notetaking regime. A promising answer to this question can be found in a systematic approach to training students and evaluating notetaking that involves four stages over the course of a…

Several related studies of empathy and altruism in children were conducted to answer such questions as: (1) What are the very early signs of empathy and altruism in children? (2) What kinds of transformations in these behaviors take place during development? and (3) How do rearing experiences influence these behaviors? Data related to these…

This demonstration study examines the affective reactions of infants when they imitate or fail to imitate play behavior modeled by an adult. Subjects were twenty-four 18-month-old and twenty-four 24-month-old male and female infants. Each infant visited the laboratory twice with an inter-session interval of 48 hours. At each session, the infant…