Despite the national emphasis on assessment and accountability for student learning, it is unclear whether day treatment and residential schools are participating in current reform efforts. On average, responding principals reported that 87% of students participated in state assessments. Although 80% of schools use local education agency or state assessment accommodation guidelines, 76% reported that for students with emotional and behavioral disorders and learning disabilities, assessment accommodations were used during classroom instruction "to a great extent." Most principals reported that there is no method for holding their school accountable and 45% did not know whether their school made adequate yearly progress. (Contains 3 tables.)