In the last decade there has been an exponential increase in studies on neurobiological measures in childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS). There seems to be a consensus that structural changes in COS are more marked than in adolescence-onset (AdOS) or adult-onset schizophrenia (AOS). Atrophy of total brain volume is progressive throughout the course in COS patients unlike later-onset types where it was static. Smaller than normal amounts of regional N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is reported in the hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in COS. There is non-suppression of primitive reflexes (neurological soft signs) with cortical maturation in patients with COS. COS patients showed significantly greater deficits on scales of IQ, memory and perceptuomotor skills as compared to patients with AdOS and AOS. This review also discusses the various correlations between biological measures and clinical and psychopathological variables.