Globalization, the explosive growth of knowledge, the advent of information technology, and the development of a knowledge-based economy are leading to unprecedented worldwide changes. Hong Kong's continued cultural, social, and economic development will depend on whether its population can rise to these challenges and make the best use of the opportunities ahead. Hong Kong's citizens will need to develop their adaptability, creativity, independent thinking, and lifelong learning capabilities. How will Hong Kong prepare young people to face these challenges in the 21st century? To address the requirements of an increasingly diverse and complex environment, Hong Kong needs to establish a vibrant and flexible education system that will enable every citizen to attain all-round development and lifelong learning. Hong Kong's education system needs to provide multiple pathways for further studies and career development that articulate well with international higher education and the manpower requirements of the 21st century. With this in mind, Hong Kong began in September 2009 to implement the New Academic Structure (NAS). In the past, upon completion of a two-year education at Secondary 4 and Secondary 5, students had to sit for the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE). Only approximately one-third of Secondary 5 students qualified to articulate to Secondary 6 and Secondary 7. In contrast, under the NAS, all students have the opportunity to undertake a three-year school curriculum at the senior secondary level. With this education reform, all students in Hong Kong are entitled to twelve years of free schooling: six years of primary education plus six years of secondary education.