This article explores factors influencing adolescent female substance use in rural communities. Self-reported data gathered from females 12 to 15 years of age in two northwestern communities in the United States showed an association among gender identity, peer and parental relationships, and substance use. Aggressive masculinity had the strongest association with substance use while peer attachment and parent attachment offered some protection. Study findings suggest that early adolescent females exhibiting aggressive behavior are at higher risk for substance use. Along with students who have little parent or peer support, this group represents a target for personal/social development programs that could be implemented by school counselors. (Contains 4 tables.)