This study describes research used for supporting a validity argument for a new Spanish Listening Exam, whose scores are intended to place examinees into appropriate levels of university Spanish classes. This study contributes to the field of argument-based approaches to language assessment by implementing Bachman's (2005) assessment use argument framework. The validity argument is supported by research providing backing for three warrants pertaining to the quality of inference that can be made on the basis of examinees' performance. These warrants, based on three qualities of test usefulness (Bachman & Palmer, 1996), guided test development and research toward a placement test with the purpose of grouping students according to their levels of language ability within the framework of the communicative approach for learning Spanish. (Contains 3 footnotes, 6 tables, and 5 figures.)