Significant progress has been made over the past four decades in enrolling more students from historically underrepresented groups in U.S. colleges and universities. While total enrollment increased by about 40% overall, minority student enrollment increased by 146%, with Hispanic undergraduate enrollment greatly outpacing other racial/ethnic groups. Although these higher participation rates are encouraging, about half of high school graduates are unprepared to succeed academically in college. Large numbers of students do not complete the academically challenging course work in high school necessary to do well in college, which contributes to low retention and graduation rates. In this chapter, the authors explore the relationships between indicators of student success such as persistence and student engagement in effective educational practices as measured by the National Survey of Student Engagement (NSSE), and such other factors as remedial course taking and course withdrawal rates, review the research, and propose data-based ways to address these issues. (Contains 3 tables.)