This secondary analysis of the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, a randomized study of program participation of children and families in Early Head Start (that is, enrolled in programming prior to children's first birthdays) investigated sociodemographic (race and ethnicity, income level, and maternal education level) and program type (mixed programs or center- and home-based) moderators of child cognitive and parenting outcomes. Results found significant race by program type interactions, favoring African American and Hispanic families participating in center- and home-based programs, on both child cognitive and parenting outcomes. On the other hand, positive cognitive outcomes clustered in children with mothers who had not completed high school. Implications for social work research and practice are discussed.