Research in the neurobiological, behavioral, and social sciences has dramatically increased our capacity to provide effective intervention for economically disadvantaged children. According to Neuman, however, U.S. policymakers have made little use of this body of research to improve the prospects of children at risk. This article discusses seven essential conditions for effective early interventions: targeting services to the most vulnerable children; providing intervention at the right developmental time; providing intensive (regular, frequent, and focused) services; having a highly qualified staff; providing coordinated, comprehensive support including health screening and family education; providing compensatory instructional benefits; and establishing program accountability.