The present article, a cross-case analysis, analyzes one aspect of the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) that has generated conflict between the U.S. Department of Education and the federal court system. The conflicts arose between the courts' oversight of desegregation and the implementation of the public school choice mandates of NCLB in two southeastern school systems, Richmond County, Georgia, and Pinellas County, Florida. The sources used are interviews by the author with each system's school superintendent and school board attorney, as well as official documents, including court orders and correspondence between county and federal officials. The conflicts not only raise constitutional legal issues but highlight the problem of local consent and bargaining in the implementation of federal education policy and illustrate the changing nature of federal authority with respect to desegregation. The two cases contribute to the knowledge base about the judicial implementation of federal education policies. (Contains 2 tables and 5 notes.)