There is growing momentum for PhD curricula to move away from traditional apprenticeship models and to adopt competency-based education models. The objectives of this study were to identify key drivers for adopting competency-based curricula during PhD training and to articulate key competencies to be developed as part of the curriculum for PhD public health training. Relevant peer-reviewed and grey literature published between 2002-2022 was included. Data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and the findings were grouped descriptively. 22 records were included, with the USA showing the most progress regarding competency integration. Key drivers for adopting competency-based curricula include meeting emerging challenges in the public health field and preparing graduates for a labour market beyond the academic route. Communication and leadership skills have emerged as key competencies that require further development. PhD education must be underpinned by clearly defined competencies relevant to the public health context and supporting graduates move to the next phase of their careers.