Artificial intelligence (AI) is bringing new developments in education. Teachers' professional development grows with the promotion of technology, and more challenges and difficulties will be faced by teachers in the AI age. Thus, this study aimed to explore what a teacher portrait should be like in the new AI age. In order to systematically and comprehensively construct a teacher portrait for the AI age, we searched online databases using keywords, and after screening according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 journal documents were identified for in-depth analysis. It was found that there were 20 different types of frameworks that could be used to construct a teacher portrait for the AI age. This study reconstructed a teacher portrait based on the Person-Process-Content (PPC) structure of the micro ecological system theory, and finally arrived at a teacher portrait framework with three dimensions and eight sub-dimensions, including teachers' cognition and emotion, teachers' knowledge and skills, and interaction between teachers' cognition and ability, which highlighted the dynamic requirements of teachers' professional development in the AI age. In addition, the challenges faced by teachers in the AI age are mainly concentrated on four aspects: the upgrading of teacher training requirements, the change of educational environment, the teaching application of digital technology, and the ethical issues of artificial intelligence. These findings provide a direction for promoting the professional development of teachers in the AI age, and can help teachers better cope with the challenges of the new age.