Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of sustainability consciousness (SC) and sustainable development (SD) awareness of medical students, as well as to identify the factors associated with them. Design/methodology/approach: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted among 1,435 medical students. The socio-demographic questionnaire and the sustainability consciousness questionnaire (SCQ-L) were the data collection instruments. Findings: A significant proportion of medical students had not heard of the concept of SD (63.6%), only 7.9% of the participants reported that they could define the SD concept. Female gender and good economic status were associated with significantly higher median SCQ-L total score (p = 0.001). Although all SD goals are closely related to health, almost half of the medical students reported no impact on SD. Besides, 47.8% of the medical students reported that physicians could have an active role in achieving SD. Social implications: As the realization of SD and health services are closely linked, it is important to examine the sustainability knowledge, attitude and behavior of health professionals. Originality/value: This study examined the SD awareness and SC knowledge, attitude and behavior among medical students, the leading health-care professionals of the future.