This meta-analysis explores the effect of using scoring rubrics on self-efficacy and self-regulation in K-16 formal learning settings and its potential moderators. From the literature, we identified 14 relevant experimental or quasi-experimental primary studies conducted with a total of 2793 students. We retrieved 17 effect sizes for self-efficacy and 18 effect sizes for self-regulation outcomes from the primary studies. Rubric use has a statistically significant moderate to large positive effect on students' self-efficacy (Hedges' g = 0.39) and self-regulation (Hedges' g = 1.00). Large within- and -between study variability of effect sizes is common: self-efficacy (Hedges' g: -0.06; 2.47) and self-regulation (Hedges' g: -1.17; 3.30). We found no significant moderation of the effect of rubric use by students' level of education, providing feedback, or instruction using the rubric, whereas there is evidence of an effect of rubrics on self-efficacy and self-regulation, variability of theoretical approaches, measures, and implementation quality raise questions about best practices for rubric development and use.