This study explored the relationships among learning adaptation, peer attachment, and learning conformity behavior among college students in Hengyang, Hunan Province, China. A total of 704 questionnaires were collected from three universities in Hengyang through purposive sampling, and 650 valid questionnaires were obtained. Structural equation models were used to test the direct and moderating effects among the variables. The research indicated that good learning adaptation in Hengyang college students had a positive impact on learning conformity behavior and that college students' peer attachments had a positive effect on their learning conformity behavior. Compared with students with low peer attachment, students with high peer attachment were better at learning and adapting; they engaged in learning conformity behavior more frequently. College students' peer attachment positively moderated the relationship between learning adaptation and learning conformity behavior.