This study draws upon motivation theories and identifies the motivations of Chinese scholars with regard to publishing articles in international journals and how their motivations influence the research output of Chinese universities. Drawing on 25 in-depth interviews with academics currently working in two Chinese universities, the findings, which are based upon the perceptions of the respondents, suggest that the dominant incentives for publishing in international journals are extrinsic motivators, and particularly the desire to pass the university assessment. This assessment-related pressure may result in the stress of academic staff, low willingness to collaborate, a competitive culture and environment, and other possible effects. This study points out the importance of formulating healthy publication assessment strategies, which should emphasise both individual improvement and organisational development in the long run.