Background & Aims: The present retrospective study examines veterans and military personnel who have sustained a cognitive-communication deficit/disorder (CCD) and/or aphasia secondary to traumatic brain injury (TBI). The prevalence of each disorder secondary to TBI is identified and demographic factors are analysed to determine whether specific characteristics (age, gender, race and/or ethnicity) differentially influenced diagnosis (CCD or aphasia). Methods & Procedures: A retrospective analysis examining the prevalence of CCD and aphasia among US service personnel with a complicated mild-to-severe TBI treated over a 4-year period (1 January 2016-31 December 2019) was conducted. Medical diagnoses and demographic factors were obtained from administrative data repositories and a logistic regression was performed to identify the relationship between demographic factors and diagnoses. Outcomes & Results Analyses: revealed that 8.8% of individuals studied had a secondary diagnosis of CCD (6.9%), aphasia (1.5%) or both (0.4%). This signifies 6863 cases of CCD, 1516 cases of aphasia and 396 cases of CCD and aphasia (dual diagnosis) per 100,000 individuals who have sustained a complicated mild-to-severe TBI. The proportion of cases observed with these diagnoses was consistent with the racial, gender and ethnic demographics of those diagnosed with TBI. Statistical modelling revealed that increased age is predictive of a diagnosis of aphasia relative to CCD. Conclusions & Implications: Service personnel sustaining TBIs are at increased risk of communication impairments with deficits observed across all gender, racial and ethnic demographics. CCD is more commonly observed than aphasia, though clinicians should be cognisant of both when performing assessments. Age is a factor that can influence diagnosis.