This study investigates how to cultivate high-level innovative relents by the integration of science and education in China from a strategic policy perspective. Specifically, why should scientifically research and education be integrated to cultivate innovative talents has been explored in this study. Theoretical analysis of the integration of scientific research and education to cultivate innovative talents has been offered, systematically. New challenges of the integration of scientific research and education to cultivate innovative talents include the historical issues of the dual-track development of scientific research and education system; institutional issues of the separation of research and education systems; resource problem of lacking complement between scientific research and educational resources and positioning problem of insufficient coordination between scientific research and educational input. In addition, suggestions on the strategic pathway of integrating scientific research and education to cultivate innovative talents have been examined in the last part.