In the late 1960s, when federal officials and eminent psychologists were first designing the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), they probably never contemplated testing students younger than nine. The technology for mass testing at the time--bubble sheets and No. 2 pencils--only worked if students could read the instructions and the questions, hold a pencil, and fill in their answers. Available early-childhood assessments required teachers to sit down one-on-one with students. But now modern assessments, given over Chromebooks, iPads, and other devices, can accurately assess student skills and understanding even before students can decode words on a page. This is why commercial test providers have created standardized tests for students as young as five. The i-Ready and MAP Growth fall kindergarten assessments may look like games, but they also work to gather data that thousands of school districts use to identify student needs, spot trends, and target instruction. Now that almost all NAEP exams are given on devices, too, the author opines that there's little reason to think that officials couldn't design and offer a kindergarten exam as well.