Taking the elementary students of grade 5 in Jiangsu Province as the object, the research is carried out on the family and peer factors that affect the academic pressure of elementary students. The results show that parent-child relationships and peer relationships are critical protective factors for elementary students' academic pressure. The parent-child relationship negatively predicts the academic pressure and affects its academic pressure through the peer relationship, while self-esteem regulates the relationship between the peer relationship and the academic pressure. The study results suggest that constructing a good parent-child relationship and peer relationship while improving children's self-esteem positively impacts elementary students to cope with academic pressure.