Although the importance of social and emotional learning (SEL) competencies in bullying prevention has received increased recognition, limited research has examined youth's cyberbullying victimization (CBV) experiences through a school-wide SEL perspective. Guided by the school-wide SEL framework and the social-ecological model, this study examined the associations between students' perception of four core SEL competencies (i.e., responsible decision-making, social awareness, self-management, and relationship skills), school climate, and their CBV experience. It also examined the multilevel moderating effects of students' school climate perception, gender, and grade levels on the association between SEL competencies and CBV. Participants were 15,227 students (6th-12th graders) from 39 schools in Delaware. Using hierarchical linear modeling while controlling for demographic factors and school climate at both student and school levels, we found that CBV was negatively associated with responsible decision-making and self-management, and positively associated with social awareness. The negative association between self-management and CBV was intensified with a more positive student-level school climate, whereas the negative association between responsible decision-making and CBV was mitigated by the school-level climate. The association of CBV and self-management was stronger among female than male students; the strength of CBV and responsible decision-making was also stronger among high school students than middle school students. The findings highlight the differentiated associations between four core SEL competencies and students' CBV; they also indicate the importance of assessing and monitoring school climate and developing cyberbullying prevention programs with an SEL focus that is responsive to students of different genders and grade levels.