Qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) is a set-theoretic configurational approach that uses the logic of Boolean algebra to conceptualize and empirically examine potentially complex causal relations. The potential of this methodological innovation to draw innovative insights toward answering enduring questions and to foster novel research has increasingly been realized in several social science disciplines. However, to date, limited education research has taken advantage of this potential. The purpose of this review is to facilitate an education research agenda that capitalizes on the strengths of QCA and its set-theoretic approach. We introduce the foundations of QCA, outline the promise it holds for education research, systematically review and appraise empirical education research that has applied QCA, and complement this review with a review of research from outside the field that may serve as inspiration for education researchers. In doing so, we highlight areas of improved research designs in education research practice and point education researchers to promising research directions. We conclude with suggestions for researchers to weigh QCA's strengths and limitations in comparison with other methods.