The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between pupils' spatial perception and abilities and their performance in geography. The sample was 600 6th-grade pupils from various areas of Greece selected by the cluster sampling method. The study results showed that: a) the vast majority of pupils showed low spatial ability; b) there was a deficit of geographical knowledge (according to the curriculum), with satisfactory performance only in plan views and orientation; c) the pupils who showed higher performance in geography course assessment test and in geographical abilities test have better spatial perception; d) the school type (pilot school using new technologies, and traditional school) did not seem to cause any difference to the pupils spatial perception; e) Pupils' gender was not found to cause significant difference to spatial perception, or to their performance; f) parents' education was found to correlate with the pupils' performance in geography.