Through a strong Montessori orientation to the parameters of spoken language, Joen Bettmann makes the case for "materializing" spoken knowledge using the stimulation of real objects and real situations that promote mature discussion around the sensorial aspect of the prepared environment. She lists specific materials in the classroom that can be used to raise vocabulary through eliciting interest in the naming of things and that can be integrated into the three-period lesson, classified cards, guessing games, songs, and social language.