The growing failure rate in Mathematics at O-level is cause for concern and warrants an in-depth investigation. This study focused on factors that make the foundation of success in the teaching and learning of Mathematics. The study was qualitative and employed a case study design. Semi-structured interviews were used as data generation tool. The study found out that for effective teaching and learning of mathematics, there is need for competent teachers, teacher availability, teaching experience, marking experience, availability of resources like textbooks, parental involvement, good mathematical background, among others. The study recommends that the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education holds staff development workshops with both primary and secondary school teachers in order to develop their teaching competencies in the subject.