The article addresses some problems and options in setting standards on language tests and examinations. More specifically, it reports on a set of three workshops conducted in the European context where standard setting in language education typically concerns linking tests and examinations to the Council of Europe's "Common European Framework of Reference for Languages" (CEFR) published in 2001. The context of the workshops and the standard-setting procedures are described, and the results and their interpretations are discussed. The focus in the article is on judges (panels) and items, which are considered the most important determinants in valid standard setting (cut scores).