The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that influence the use of institutional assessment in support of student outcomes at four-year public institutions of higher education. This study focused on small institutions, defined as having enrollment below that of the median value, across the nation. An electronic survey was sent to chief academic officers and assessment leaders at each of these institutions to identify problems of practice in and any barriers to the use of institutional assessment data. The study evaluated factors of data-informed decision-making as part of this process and identified two potential problems of practice and five barriers to the use of assessment that need further study. This research study contributed to existing work in this field by offering insight into the connection between assessment and student outcomes. "Closing the loop" on assessment is a common goal of assessment leaders, yet student outcomes have not matched the increased investment in accountability and accreditation mandates required of institutions. The results of this study can be used by institutions looking to strategically use their existing investments in institutional assessment. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]