As discussed in "Splitting the Bill: How Are State Education Funding Formulas Structured?," state school funding formulas generally fit one of three structures -- student-based, resource-based, or program-based. The cornerstone of a student-based funding formula is the per-student base amount (also appropriately called the "foundation amount"), meant to represent the cost of educating a student with no special needs or disadvantages. Resource-, program-based, or other hybrid funding formulas may have other versions of a per-pupil minimum but take different approaches to determine the level of funding needed to provide a comprehensive education. These kinds of formulas typically build up from inputs, like staffing ratios, or programs or services, like block grants for career and technical education.