This mixed methods study aimed to explore the effects that parental involvement and student online learner efficacy have on student achievement and perceptions of parents and exceptional education students in the traditional and virtual education settings. The study participants included parents and exceptional education students in grades K-12th enrolled in the traditional or virtual setting. The study paired causal comparative and correlational research with data triangulation using an open-ended question to ensure the validity and credibility of the findings. The findings showed no disparities between the educational settings when it comes to level of parental involvement, student efficacy, or academic achievement, however, statistical significances found within the study presented minor differences based upon specific circumstances within each setting. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]