In higher education, there is a gap in our collective understanding of how outcomes data collected with standardized instruments and used to respond to accountability demands, is accurate and trustworthy for first-generation college students. Research in culturally responsive evaluation and measurement on equivalence across groups highlights that quantitative measures, standardized on dominant populations, lack cultural responsiveness and equivalence. Failing to critically examine if a measure is culturally responsive and invariant upholds normative assumptions that all student experiences and knowledge are captured accurately. A prolific measure of outcomes in higher education, the National Survey of Student Engagement, has gone unexamined for cultural responsiveness and invariance for first-generation college students. The purpose of this research was to identify and employ strategies to determine to what extent the National Survey of Student Engagement is culturally responsive and invariant for first-generation college students. I used a parallel convergent study design to investigate this problem. First, I conducted a critical examination of the empirical literature in culturally responsive evaluation and measurement to identify core considerations for determining if a measure is culturally responsive and invariant. Second, I conducted a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis to establish configural, metric, and scalar invariance. From study one, two core considerations emerged including attention to voice and establishing cultural relevance and invariance. Study two showed that the National Survey of Student Engagement is invariant at the configural, metric, and scalar levels. Taking the results of the two studies together, one can determine that the National Survey of Student Engagement is culturally responsive and invariant for first-generation college students when compared to continuing-generation college students in this study. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]