Although researchers have indicated that counselors' clinical experience positively predicts increased cognitive complexity, most research on the topic has not addressed how counselors' own experiences shape their cognitive complexity. Completed research on counselors' cognitive complexity has been primarily quantitative, included European American participants, and has not considered the multicultural context beyond Western countries. Utilizing an explanatory case study design, this research employs the Counselors Cognition Questionnaire (CCQ) to explore counseling students' cognitive complexity development, in-depth interviews to examine the educational experience and culture that shape their cognitive complexity, and document analysis to examine the supporting of existing regulations. Ten participants completed CCQ, and eight of them participated in interviews. Results showed that seven participants scored low, while the rest scored higher cognitive complexity. Participants perceived that laboratory practicum in counseling courses had helped them develop their cognitive skills. However, a series of courses and participants' social life are inseparable from their cognitive development. In addition, the existing regulations showed their support through the curriculum design. These findings revealed that the participants' cognitive complexity is influenced by personal, social, professional, and cultural factors. The philosophical values of national constitutions and the pillars of unity in diversity that underpin all existing rules are inextricably linked to the embodiment of these features. In the United States, research on cognitive complexity has primarily shown it as a result of professional development, whereas it is an expression of intersecting personal, social and professional identities with national philosophy in an Indonesian counselor education program. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]