In 2022, the Indigenous Education State Leaders Network (IESLN) and the American Institutes for Research (AIR) received a 4-year Educational Equity in Policy Implementation grant from the AIR Equity Initiative to study Indigenous student identification issues and respond to needs in the field. The Indigenous Student Identification (ISI) project explored the K-12 public school Indigenous student identification landscape across the United States and found that the undercounting of that group may be as high as 70% nationwide. The report and accompanying map use extant data to examine the many ways Indigenous students are counted, explain how the data are collected and used, assess the quality of Indigenous student counts in the context of the federal trust responsibility for the education of Indigenous people, and explore shifts in policy and practice that seek to improve data quality and usability. [This report was created with the Indigenous Education State Leaders Network (IESLN).]