This extended literature review explores four broad themes concerning mathematics education, the first of which is on how U.S. school-aged children have been performing in mathematics at the national and international levels. Findings demonstrated that at the national level, their performance has been stagnant for many decades for high school students and gradually declining in the past decade for elementary and middle school students. At the international level, U.S. school-aged youth have been underperforming mathematically in the PISA held in 2012, 2015, and 2018. The second theme is on how mathematics has been taught effectively to school-aged children in mathematically high-performing countries, featuring those in northern/central/western Europe (i.e., Finland, Poland, and Belgium), East/Southeast Asia (i.e., Taiwan, China, Singapore, South Korea, and Japan), and other regions of the world (i.e., Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). Thirdly, the author elaborates on evidence-based pedagogies and interventions that have been attempted thus far to teach mathematics to U.S. school-aged children in a more culturally responsive way, including culturally responsive mathematics teaching, the concrete-representational-abstract instructional sequence, and interventions specific to story problem solving. Lastly, the author provides a set of evidence-based recommendations to inform how the U.S. primary and secondary schools today can improve their delivery of "culturally responsive" mathematics education to serve all school-aged children more effectively, considering how mathematics has been taught effectively to school-aged children globally. These recommendations were put together by pooling major ideas from the exploration of the second and third themes, considering how they would jointly enhance mathematics achievement for culturally and linguistically diverse school-aged children in the U.S. today. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]