African-American students received a disproportionate number of exclusionary disciplinary practices in a Northeastern U.S. state compared to other ethnicities (Open Data, 2021). This parallels a national trend, regarding implementation of school disciplinary practices among Black pupils in the United States. "Although African-American students represent 16% of the public-school student population, they make up 33% of students suspended once, 42% of those suspended more than once, and 34% of students expelled" (U.S. Department of Education Office for Civil Rights, 2014). Excessive suspensions and expulsions is likely result in school dropouts (Kaba, 2019). Research has shown that high school dropouts are more likely to be incarcerated than those who graduate (Kaba, 2019). This study will address the disparities in exclusionary disciplinary policies among African-American students and examine mechanisms to reduce it. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]