Gamification is a promising method proposed to solve the motivational problems of online learners and enhance their performance. However, the evidence regarding why and how gamification might work and its effects on these outcomes is inconclusive. In order to provide more evidence to the ongoing discussion in the gamification field, the current study searched for the effectiveness of gamification on the intrinsic motivation, the psychological need satisfaction, and the performance of online learners. Applying the tenets of self-determination theory as a theoretical background, a gamified online learning environment with badges and freedom of choice was created in the TalentLMS. The results showed that badges have the potential to decrease the intrinsic motivation of learners and they do not fulfill the need for competence. However, freedom of choice indirectly increases the intrinsic motivation of learners through fulfilling the need for autonomy. Neither badges nor freedom of choice increased the performance of learners. In addition, it was found that different badge implementation designs (expected badges versus unexpected badges) yielded similar nonsignificant results. The theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://bibliotheek.ehb.be:2222/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]