Addressing the unmet physical and mental health needs of school-aged children in the U.S. has moved to the forefront of the emerging policy conversation about effective, school-based strategies to support students. Although some new and unique challenges regarding the physical and mental health of school-aged children can be directly attributed to the COVID-19 pandemic, policymakers and educators have long grappled with finding, funding, and implementing effective strategies to support the physical and mental health of school-aged children as means to promote their learning, growth, and development. Providing care for students' mental and physical health in a school-based setting offers the potential to meet students where they are and provide them with access to services that support their learning, growth, and development. These services can include primary care, mental health care, and urgent care, all of which can help students and their families manage and address both chronic health conditions and acute health needs. This brief describes the state of school-aged children's health and healthcare access in the U.S. and then summarizes research on the link between children's health and educational performance and on the effects of school-based healthcare. The brief concludes by presenting examples and models of school-based healthcare along with summaries of the existing evidence on their effectiveness and by discussing funding considerations.