The Ithaka S+R Library Survey 2016 examines strategy and leadership issues from the perspective of academic library deans and directors. This project aims to provide academic librarians and higher education leaders with information about chief librarians' visions and the opportunities and challenges they face in leading their organizations. In fall 2016, library deans and directors at not-for-profit four-year academic institutions across the United States were invited to complete the survey, and 722 responses were received for a response rate of 49 percent. Results from the Library Survey reinforce the distinct differences in academic library leaders' strategic direction and priorities by institution type, as perceptions differ notably across Carnegie classifications. There are also a number of areas in which library leaders differ based on the number of years they have been in their positions - namely, in the challenges that they identify facing and in their perceptions of the role of the library as a starting point for research - and these differences have been highlighted in this report. [Written with Reflections by Roger C. Schonfeld. Additional funding for this research was provided by EBSCO.]