Competency-based training (CBT) is the key training approach used in the vocational education and training sector in Australia. Competency-based training is an approach to vocational education and training (VET) designed to develop the skills and knowledge necessary to achieve competency. It focuses on an individual's mastery of skill, whereby an individual is deemed competent or not yet competent in that skill. For the last three decades or so, CBT has been fundamental to how accredited VET is delivered in Australia, and over this time both advocates and critics of this approach have emerged. For the research presented in this report, the authors were interested in the strengths and weaknesses of CBT as it is currently applied to the Australian VET system and whether there is cause to consider a broader approach to defining and describing competence and, hence, considering how teaching and learning in VET is most effectively delivered and assessed.