The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the way Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) programs operate in unprecedented ways. This brief has two purposes: (1) To capture some of the adaptations and innovations that programs designed to meet the rapidly evolving circumstances of the pandemic; and (2) To highlight promising practices and pose design questions for programs to explore, refine, and possibly test as next steps. Throughout the pandemic, Mathematica collected data from TANF programs to understand the challenges they faced, the innovations they developed, and the promising strategies that were emerging. Two primary sources were collected for these data. First, they documented the experiences and topics described during virtual learning community groups with state and local TANF program leaders and staff, held between May and September 2020. Second, they conducted seven web-based surveys with TANF program leaders and staff between January and March 2021, addressing topics such as office safety and reopening, use of technology, staff and participant well-being, and performance and accountability, among others.