Scores from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), dubbed the "nation's report card," are often used to compare student achievement across states. An important limitation of NAEP is that it does not track the performance of individual students over time, so inferences about how much students are learning must be made by comparing scores from tests given to different groups of students every two years. This report presents the results of different exploratory analyses that take advantage of the fact that the same birth cohorts are tested four years apart on the 4th- and 8th-grade NAEP exams. The analyses includes comparing 8th grade scores from the 2017 NAEP to 4th-grade scores from the 2013 NAEP. These are then contrasted with measures of change over time to demographically adjusted 8th-grade scores published by the Urban Institute.