The collapse of good labor market opportunities for workers without a college degree is the elephant in the room in higher education policy discussions today. A high school diploma no longer provides a guarantee of financial security, let alone opens the door to the middle class. In response, some lawmakers and advocates have introduced a host of proposals known as "short-term Pell." Dressed up as innovation, this idea is the latest iteration of short-term programs for Americans not interested in going to traditional college -- but the historical record shows little compelling evidence that these programs offer a promising future. This report examines the legislative and regulatory history of short-term programs under federal higher education law. The lessons from those earlier reforms can help guide policymakers in their current efforts to address the educational needs of Americans.